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Snitching

Criminal Informant Law, Policy, and Research

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  • WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS

    Criminal informants are infamously unreliable. Jailhouse snitch testimony often leads to wrongful conviction. Over 45 percent of all innocent people exonerated from death sentences were wrongfully convicted based on the testimony of a lying criminal informant. This makes snitches the leading cause of wrongful conviction in U.S. capital cases.

  • YOUNG INFORMANTS

    Police sometimes use children as young as 14 as informants. These children may be exposed to drugs, violence, and other criminal activities as they work to get information for their handlers. Some have been killed. California, Minnesota, and North Dakota have laws restricting the practice, but most states give police wide discretion to use juvenile informants.

  • INFORMANT CRIMES

    Some informants are serious criminals who receive leniency for their own crimes. The FBI has been known to use murderers as informants. Many jurisdictions permit drug dealers to continue selling drugs in exchange for cooperation. In 2011, the crimes committed by FBI informants alone totaled over 5,600.

  • Urban communities pay the price

    VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES PAY THE PRICE

    Informants are a staple of drug enforcement. This means that where drug enforcement is heaviest, informant activity is also heaviest. Because drug arrests occur disproportionately in low-income Black neighborhoods, those residents must live with the crime, violence, and distrust that go with criminal informant use.

Reform

Numerous states are rethinking their criminal informant policies. Some have passed laws restricting the use of jailhouse snitch witnesses. Some have created new rules for disclosure and accountability. The law governing criminal informants has changed enormously over the past ten years, and will look very different again in another decade.

The Book

Families and Youth

Many families and young people must grapple with informant issues. Police may pressure college students, or even children as young as 14, into becoming informants. Very few states have laws protecting minors or other vulnerable people from the pressures and consequences of informing.

Recent Posts

  • Using children as informants
    by Alexandra Natapoff
    June 11, 2025
    More civil cases in which families have sued police for harm to their children who were working as informants. The cases are collected in this… Read more: Using children as informants
  • 10th Circuit case could shake the foundations of snitching
    by Alexandra Natapoff
    June 11, 2025
    In Mendenhall v. Denver, the plaintiff is making an argument about search warrants that could completely change the informant landscape. Police got a warrant to… Read more: 10th Circuit case could shake the foundations of snitching
  • Refusing to snitch
    by Alexandra Natapoff
    February 26, 2025
    The Marshall Project has published this remarkable story about George Hall who refused to serve as a jailhouse informant against David Wood. David Wood is… Read more: Refusing to snitch

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